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什麼是加密挖掘?如何挖掘比特幣

什麼是加密挖掘?如何挖掘比特幣

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Vantage is a global, multi-asset broker with a team of in-house writers and market analysts who produce educational and insightful trading content for traders of all levels.

Vantage Updated Tue, 2025 May 6 02:40

​​即使您是加密貨幣的新手,也可能聽說過挖礦,這是有充分理由的。挖礦是加密貨幣網路的基礎流程。與開採有價值的礦物以增加全球供應類似,加密挖掘涉及產生新貨幣並將其投入到流通中。然而,加密貨幣挖礦包含值得理解的額外複雜性。​ 

​​2022 年全球加密挖礦市場規模達到 19.2 億美元,預計到 2030 年將以每年 8.2% 的速度持續增長 [1]。馬拉松數位控股 (Marathon Digital Holdings) 等公司是透過比特幣挖礦獲得收入的上市公司。該公司報告稱,其收入增長 37%,達到創紀錄的 2.144 億美元,顯示了這項業務的利潤豐厚[2]。​ 

​​但加密挖礦到底是什麼,以及比特幣在實務上是如何挖掘的。讓我們來分析一下。​ 

​​加密挖掘如何運作?​ 

​​從本質上講,加密挖掘是驗證交易並將其記錄在區塊鏈上的過程。想像一下每筆交易都附帶一個謎題。礦工使用複雜的運算設備來解決這個難題並將其添加到區塊鏈中。透過這種方式來保護整個網路,他們便可獲得新生成的加密貨幣作為獎勵。​ 

​​加密貨幣的挖礦過程透過「​​共識演算法」嵌入到其程式碼中​​。對於比特幣來說,以比特幣為例,它所使用的機制稱為「工作量證明」(Proof of Work,簡稱 PoW)。這些演算法定義了區塊鏈交易的速度、安全性和去中心化性。​ 

​​哈希和節點​ 

​​當您進行一筆加密貨幣交易時,您的資訊會與其他交易捆綁成一個「區塊」。該區塊在添加到區塊鏈之前需要進行驗證。​ 

​​這就是哈希值的作用所在。​​哈希值​​是一個固定長度的字串,可以表示任意大小的資料。挖礦計算機將交易資料作為輸入並透過哈希演算法(比特幣的 SHA-256)運行,從而創建唯一的哈希值。​ 

​​節點​​是連接到網路的計算機,用於儲存和更新區塊鏈副本。他們相互溝通以確保每個人都擁有相同版本的交易歷史。​ 

​​舉例來說,當您向朋友發送 0.01 比特幣時,您的交易詳情將被散列,由礦工驗證,並廣播到網路上的所有節點。​ 

​​挖礦區塊​ 

​​為了成功挖掘一個區塊,礦工必須找到符合特定標準的哈希值,通常以一定數量的零開頭。這被稱為「難度目標」。​ 

​​過程如下:​ 

1. 礦工將待處理的交易收集到區塊中​ 

2. 他們在區塊中添加了一個隨機數​ 

​​3. 他們將這些資料透過哈希演算法運算​ 

​4. 如果產生的哈希值不符合難度目標,則變更隨機數並重試​ 

​​5. 第一個找到有效哈希值的礦工將獲得區塊獎勵​ 

​​為什麼要挖比特幣​ 

​​為什麼有人會投資昂貴的設備和電力來挖掘比特幣?以下是一些主要動機:​ 

​1. 區塊獎勵:礦工目前每區塊可獲得 3.125 個比特幣。該獎勵最近一次減半是在 2024 年 4 月 20 日,通常每四年減半一次 [3]。 

​​2. 交易費用:礦工也會從其區塊中包含的交易中收取費用。在交易高峰期,這些費用可能會大幅增加。 

3. 網路支援:許多礦工相信比特幣網絡的理念,並希望為其安全性和去中心化做出貢獻。 

4. 未來價值猜測:有些礦工會選擇持有自己賺取的比特幣,押注未來價格上漲。​ 

​​挖掘一枚比特幣需要多長時間? 

​​這個問題的答案很複雜,因為你其實不是一次只挖掘一個比特幣。相反,礦工們競爭開採區塊,目前每個成功區塊可產生 3.125 枚比特幣。​ 

​​平均每 10 分鐘左右就會開採出一個新的比特幣區塊。然而,您獲得的獎勵份額取決於您相對於整個網路的挖掘能力(哈希率)。​ 

​​以目前的挖礦難度來說,即使你擁有一台高階 ASIC 礦機,您可能會貢獻網路總哈希率的約 0.000001% 。照這個速度,預計大約 10-15 年內就能挖出一個完整的比特幣。​ 

​​大多數礦工加入礦池是為了提高自己的機會。例如,最大的礦池之一 F2Pool 擁有約 15% 的比特幣哈希率,它將獎勵按比例分配給數千名參與者。為了更清楚地說明情況,加拿大公司 Hut 8 Mining 報告稱,其在 2024 年全年共開採了 1,184 個比特幣 [4]。​ 

​​挖礦所需條件​ 

​​要了解比特幣挖礦涉及哪些內容,以下是該過程通常需要的內容:​ 

​​1. 挖礦硬體:目前比特幣挖礦現在嚴重依賴 ASIC(專用積體電路),其專為實現最高效率而建置。高性能模型可能要花費數千美元,並且能夠提供 哈希率超過每秒200 
太哈希。​ 

​2. 電力消耗:比特幣挖礦需要大量電力。典型的 ASIC 礦機持續消耗 3,000 至 3,500 瓦的電力。根據當地的能源價格,每台機器每天的電費可能高達幾美元。 

​​3. 冷卻解決方案:採礦設備在運作過程中會產生大量熱量,因此有效的冷卻至關重要。通常需要適當的通風、工業級風扇或浸入式冷卻等先進系統來保持最佳性能並防止過熱。 

4. 挖礦軟體:像CGMiner或BFGMiner這樣的程式,可以將您的硬體連接到比特幣網路。 

​​5. 比特幣錢包:安全地儲存你所挖出的比特幣。 

​​6. 礦池會員資格:大多數個人礦工加入 Foundry USA 或AntPool等礦池以獲得較小但更穩定的獎勵。​ 

​​CleanSpark是一家永續發展的比特幣挖礦公司,在 2023 年投資了 4,050 萬美元購買挖礦設備,並在 2024 年共開採了 7,024 枚比特幣 [5,6]。​ 

​​結論​ 

​​在開始加密挖掘之前,需要仔細考慮設備成本、電價以及不斷增加的網路難度。從單獨採礦到像 Core Scientific 這樣的大型作業,成功與否取決於有關硬體、位置和時間的策略決策。對於許多觀察者來說,成熟的礦池通常被視為在更穩定的回報和更低的進入門檻之間提供平衡,也展現出在支持加密貨幣網絡方面,各方如何採取不同的策略應對這個充滿挑戰的產業。​ 

​​參考​

  1. “Cryptocurrency Mining Market Report 2025 – Cognitive Market Research” https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/cryptocurrency-mining-market-report Accessed 4 April 2025 
  2. “Bitcoin Miner Rallies On Surprise Profit, Record Revenue. BTC Rebounds. – Investor’s Business Daily” https://www.investors.com/news/mara-stock-q4-2024-earnings-bitcoin-miner-record-revenue/ Accessed 4 April 2025 
  3. “Bitcoin Halving: What It Is and Why It Matters for Crypto Investors – Investopedia” https://www.investopedia.com/bitcoin-halving-4843769 Accessed 4 April 2025 
  4. “Hut 8 Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2024 Results – GlobeNewswire” https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/03/03/3035396/0/en/Hut-8-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2024-Results.html Accessed 4 April 2025 
  5. “CleanSpark Buys 12,500 Antminer S19 XP Bitcoin Miners for $40.5M – GlobeNewswire” https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/06/01/2680404/0/en/CleanSpark-Buys-12-500-Antminer-S19-XP-Bitcoin-Miners-for-40-5M.html Accessed 4 April 2025 
  6. “CleanSpark mined 668 Bitcoin in December, holds 9952 BTC – CoinMarketCap” https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/article/0b12cf79-a506-4e33-9d75-e5b749406168 Accessed 4 April 2025  
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